Information and Communication Technology · Classes 11-12 · Chapter 1 · 1.4.1 and 1.4.2

Plagiarism and Cyber Crime Prevention.

Copying a classmate's answer word for word is cheating, everyone knows that. But did you know you can plagiarise even with every citation in place? This note walks through the seven faces of plagiarism, the order of Bangladesh's cyber laws, and which big company paid what for which offence.

1. The seven types of plagiarism

There are seven types of plagiarism: clone, remix, hybrid, recycle, 404 Error, aggregator and re-tweet. Take the first four first.

Clone: copying content exactly, with no change, and claiming it as your own. Remix: gathering information from several sources, combining it into one document and claiming it as your own. Hybrid: taking a well-cited source, dropping its citations and rearranging it as a new document. Recycle: borrowing or reusing your own earlier work without proper citation; it is also called self-plagiarism.

The last three are about citations going wrong. 404 Error: a document copied from various sources with citations, but the citations are wrong, fake or non-existent. Aggregator: every citation is proper, but there is no original work. Re-tweet: the citations are right, yet the piece resembles the structure or wording of another original.

2. Why it happens, what it costs, how it is caught

There are four causes. Copy-paste is easy. People have no clear idea what plagiarism is. They are confident nobody will notice. And they like using others' work without spending their own time, talent and effort.

To catch it there are plagiarism checkers: Grammarly, Plagium, Plagiarisma, Plagiarismchecker, ZeroGPT, Quillbot, Quetext and Turnitin.

Hand an essay to the checker. Watch it compare every sentence with the sources and see what it finds.

The harm is real. The writer's own thinking skill weakens. The true author loses recognition and often money. New ideas are held back, morals decay, and the habit of putting in time, effort and talent fades.

Bangladesh has no separate plagiarism act. It does have a Copyright Act, under which legal help is available, and the Code of Civil Procedure of 1908 acts as the fundamental law.

3. Who stands against cyber crime

The National Computer Incident Response Team (NCIRT) is a specialised government body. It protects the Critical Information Infrastructure (CII) and coordinates the response to cyber incidents that affect national security, the economy or public safety.

Bangladesh's national organisations are the e-Government Computer Incident Response Team (BGD e-GOV CIRT) and the Bangladesh Computer Council (BCC).

The United Kingdom made the world's first cyber law, the “Computer Misuse Act 1990”. In 2008 it also formed a national e-crime unit.

4. Bangladesh's cyber laws in order

Bangladesh's first law was the “Information and Communication Technology Act 2006”. Then came the “Pornography Act 2012” in 2012, the “Digital Security Act 2018” in 2018 and the “Cyber Security Act 2023” in 2023. In 2025 the interim government repealed the 2023 Act and brought in the “Cyber Suraksha Ordinance 2025”. It is the latest law on cyber crime and is now in force. Put the five in year order.

Sections 17 to 29 of the Ordinance lay down the computer and cyber crimes and their punishments. Banned acts include: illegal entry into and damage to critical information infrastructure; illegal access to computer systems and copying of data; fraud, forgery or impersonation; propaganda against the Liberation War, the Father of the Nation, the national anthem or the flag; harming a person's image or threatening them; and illegally entering a financial institution to steal data.

5. Big companies are not spared

Facebook let user data be used by Cambridge Analytica for political purposes. WhatsApp was fined 110 million euros for misleading information. Apple was ordered to return 14.5 billion euros to Ireland for tax evasion. Google has been fined about 10 billion euros, and Amazon is under investigation in Germany. The numbers slip easily from one company to another, so match them carefully.

6. Check yourself

Three questions in the exam's style. Start with the first.

Watch the small details in the second.

In the last one, match the years and the names.

The whole note on eight cards.

Source: Information and Communication Technology, Classes 11-12 (NCTB), Chapter 1 “Information and Communication Technology: World and Bangladesh Perspective”, section 1.4.1 and 1.4.2.