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Chemistry 2nd Paper.

1 chapter · 24 notes · all free

Chapter 1 · Environmental Chemistry

  1. Structure and Composition of the Atmosphere; Cyclone and Storm-SurgeClimb up and temperature falls, rises, falls, rises. Why does it do that?
  2. Units of Volume, Pressure and Temperature; STP and SATPIs a mole of gas 22.414 L or 24.789 L? How can both be right?
  3. Boyle's LawWhy does doubling the pressure halve the volume of a gas, and why does the product PV stay the same?
  4. Charles's Law, Absolute Zero and Gay-Lussac's Pressure LawGoing from 200°C to 400°C does not double a gas's volume. So why does the law need kelvin?
  5. Avogadro's Law and the Combined Boyle-Charles LawHow many molecules sit in 22.4 L of a gas? The answer is the same for every gas.
  6. The Ideal Gas EquationHow many molecules are in one breath? Work it out with PV = nRT.
  7. Dalton's Law of Partial PressuresWhy the total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures, partial pressure from mole fraction, mixing two vessels, and taking off the vapour pressure for gas over water.
  8. Graham's Law of DiffusionRelease two gases together: which arrives first? The answer is one square root.
  9. Kinetic Theory of GasesSame kinetic energy, yet hydrogen is 3.7 times faster than nitrogen. How?
  10. Ideal and Real Gases, the van der Waals EquationWhen PV = nRT stops working, how Z measures the deviation, and how van der Waals put molecular volume and attraction into the equation.
  11. Cylinders, Liquefaction of Gases and Nitrogen Fixation by LightningWhich gases will not liquefy at any pressure, and how does lightning feed the soil?
  12. Air PollutantsExhaust pipes release colourless NO, so where does the brown morning haze come from?
  13. The Greenhouse EffectWithout the air's glass the earth would be −30°C. So why is a thicker glass a danger?
  14. CFCs and Ozone DepletionHow can one chlorine atom break a lakh ozone molecules and never get used up?
  15. Acid RainEven normal rain is slightly acidic. So when does it become acid rain, and which gas is innocent?
  16. Arrhenius Theory of Acids and BasesCH₃OH has an OH, yet it is not a base. Why?
  17. Brønsted-Lowry Theory and Conjugate PairsNH₃ has no OH at all, so why is it a base? The question is who gave the proton and who took it.
  18. Lewis Theory of Acids and BasesHow can an acid-base reaction happen with no H⁺ at all? Ask who takes the electron pair.
  19. Fresh Water, Hardness and pHWhich hardness does boiling remove, and which does it leave? How is water judged by pH?
  20. DO, BOD, COD and TDSWater looks clean, so why do the fish die? Follow the oxygen.
  21. Water PollutionWhen fertiliser washes into a pond, why does the dissolved oxygen fall toward zero?
  22. Arsenic ContaminationWhere does the arsenic in tubewell water come from, and how much is too much?
  23. Heavy Metals and the Food ChainHow does tannery waste end up in the chicken on your plate?
  24. Solutions and the Process of DissolvingWhat force keeps Pb²⁺ or Cd²⁺ dissolved in water, and which two forces are the strongest?

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